Comparative Development Models
Should the programme be led from Europe, the US, or both?
Chapter summary
Location shapes cost, speed, funding and market access. Europe offers grants and sovereignty credentials; the US offers launch cost, cadence and capital depth. The study recommends a transatlantic hybrid that sits between the two on cost and time.
Key takeaways
- 1
First satellite in 4–5 years under a US-led model, 5–7 years under a European one, and 4.5–6 years for the hybrid.
- 2
Pilot capex: €80–150M (US), €100–200M (Europe), €90–180M (hybrid).
- 3
ESA and EU programmes can cover 30–40% of European pilot costs; the hybrid could draw €40–70M from both sides.
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